Use of Waste Tire Soil Refining, Heavy Oil Pollution and Recycling Should Pay Attention to Environmental Protection

In recent years, the utilization of waste tires for soil refining has been prevalent in many regions across China. This practice involves using simple earth kilns to incompletely burn used tires, turning them into liquid fuels. However, this process releases large quantities of toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, benzene, and xylene, which pose serious threats to both the environment and human health. Additionally, the byproducts from this process often contaminate soil and water sources, further worsening environmental degradation. In some areas, this low-quality fuel is mixed with refined oil and sold, causing significant damage to vehicle engines. The use of soil-refining oil not only harms the environment but also wastes valuable resources and undermines the healthy development of the tire recycling market in China. Globally, the main methods for recycling used tires involve retreading and reusing tire materials. For example, in 2004, the United States retreaded approximately 28 million tires, with a ratio of new to retreaded tires at 10:1, saving about 4 billion gallons of oil annually. In contrast, China produced 239 million tires in the same year, generating over 112 million used tires, yet only 8 million were retreaded, resulting in a new-to-retread ratio of around 25:1. This highlights a major gap in China’s tire recycling efforts. The U.S. and Canada have been exploring the use of rubber powder-modified asphalt for road construction since the 1970s, while China is still in the early stages of adopting this technology. In 2004, the production of rubber powder was limited to processing just over 30,000 tons of used tires. With an annual rubber consumption of 4.2 million tons, China has become the world's largest consumer of rubber for three consecutive years, with 60% of its rubber needs met through imports—over 2.37 million tons annually. This high level of dependence on foreign rubber is a growing concern. Nearly 70% of total rubber consumption is used in tire production. In 2004, China produced 239 million tires, and the number of used tires has grown rapidly, surpassing 112 million. It is estimated that by 2010, the number of used tires will exceed 200 million. Despite this, the overall recycling rate remains low, with only about 45% of used tires being properly recycled. The primary method in China is the production of reclaimed rubber, which accounts for over 1 million tons annually—making China the world's largest producer. However, this method involves desulfurization, which leads to secondary pollution, and most developed countries have moved away from it. Other low-tech applications, such as agricultural shoe soles, construction buckets, and pig troughs, are also common, alongside illegal soil refining. The proportion of tires used for retreading or producing rubber powder is small, contributing to the low overall utilization rate. In contrast, the retreading industry has seen rapid growth internationally. A tire carcass can retain up to 70% of the value of a new tire, and with multiple refurbishments, it can replace new tires. In the U.S., the transportation sector saves over $2 billion annually by retreading tires two or three times. Companies like Michelin ensure their tires are designed for multiple reuses, with a service life of at least 7 years and a mileage of 1.6 million kilometers. China lags behind international trends in tire development, with only 23% of car and passenger tires being radial, compared to 100% in Western Europe and 98% in North America. Radial tires last longer and are more suitable for retreading. The production of rubber powder is also less polluting, making it a more sustainable option. As the demand for tire recycling grows, foreign companies are entering the Chinese market. Michelin recently launched a tire renewal program in China, aiming to extend tire life by 25% through regrooving. Refurbished tires retain 90% of the performance of new ones, costing just 5% of the price of a new tire. Producing a new truck tire consumes 84 liters of oil, while a retreaded one uses only 28 liters, reducing oil consumption by 68%. Despite these opportunities, China faces challenges in developing its tire recycling industry. One key issue is the lack of a formalized recycling system, leading to scattered and disorganized collection networks. Developed countries, on the other hand, have implemented strict regulations and financial incentives. For instance, the U.S. passed the "Tire Recycling and Utilization Act," and France enacted the Waste and Resource Recovery Act. Canada established the "Tire Recycling Management Association" to oversee waste tire disposal. Japan introduced a law requiring users to pay a fee when discarding tires, currently 300 yen per tire. These measures highlight the importance of legal frameworks in promoting sustainable tire recycling.

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