Use of Waste Tire Soil Refining, Heavy Oil Pollution and Recycling Should Pay Attention to Environmental Protection

At present, the utilization of waste tires for soil refining is still prevalent in many parts of China. In this process, used tires are burned in simple earth kilns, leading to incomplete combustion and the production of liquid fuels. However, this method releases large amounts of toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, benzene, and xylene, posing serious threats to both the environment and human health. Additionally, the byproducts from this process contaminate land and water sources, further exacerbating environmental degradation. Some of these fuels are even mixed into refined oil and sold, causing damage to vehicle engines and reducing their lifespan. Soil-refining oil not only pollutes the environment but also wastes valuable resources and hinders the healthy development of the tire recycling market in China. Globally, the main methods of tire recycling include retreading and reusing plastic powders. For example, in 2004, the U.S. retreaded approximately 28 million tires, with a ratio of new to retreaded tires of 10:1, saving about 4 billion gallons of oil annually. In contrast, China produced 239 million tires in the same year, with over 112 million used tires generated, yet only 8 million were retreaded, resulting in a ratio of 25:1. The U.S. and Canada have been using rubber powder-modified asphalt for road construction since the 1970s, while China is just beginning to promote this technology. With 4.2 million tons of rubber consumption, China has become the world's largest consumer for three consecutive years, with 60% of its rubber needs met through imports—over 2.37 million tons annually. Nearly 70% of total rubber consumption is used in tire production. As tire production continues to grow, so does the volume of waste tires, which is expected to exceed 200 million by 2010. Currently, China’s waste tire recycling rate remains low. Reclaimed rubber is the primary method, with annual output exceeding 1 million tons, making China the world’s largest producer. However, the desulfurization process during production causes secondary pollution, prompting many developed countries to abandon this method. Other low-tech applications, such as agricultural shoe soles and pig troughs, are also common, along with illegal soil refining. Only a small percentage of tires are retreaded or processed into rubber powder, resulting in an overall utilization rate of around 45%. Internationally, the tire retreading industry is well-developed. A tire carcass holds about 70% of the value of a new tire and can be refurbished multiple times. In the U.S., the transportation sector saves over $2 billion annually by retreading tires two or three times. Companies like Michelin ensure that tires sold in Europe and North America can be refurbished at least 3–4 times, with a service life of 7 years and a mileage of at least 1.6 million kilometers. China lags behind in tire technology, with a radial tire penetration rate of only 23% for passenger cars, compared to 100% in Western Europe and 98% in North America. Radial tires last longer and are more suitable for retreading. Rubber powder production is also less harmful to the environment, yet it remains underdeveloped. The potential for growth in China’s used tire industry is clear, with foreign companies entering the market. Michelin, for instance, launched a tire renewal plan in China, offering a 25% extension in tire life through regrooving. After refurbishment, tires retain 90% of their original performance at just 5% of the cost of a new one. Producing a new truck tire consumes 84 liters of oil, while a retreaded one uses only 28 liters, reducing oil consumption by 68%. Michelin is also promoting radial tires to improve fuel efficiency, safety, and reduce environmental impact. Despite this, China lacks a comprehensive legal framework for tire recycling. There is no formal system for collecting and managing waste tires, leading to a scattered and disorganized recycling network. This hinders the development of a sustainable tire recycling industry. In contrast, developed countries have established strong legal and regulatory systems. The U.S. has enacted laws such as the “Tire Recycling and Utilization Act,” and each state manages waste tire disposal through dedicated funds. France passed the Waste and Resource Recovery Act in 1975, while Canada created the “Tire Recycling Management Association” in 1992. Japan introduced fiscal measures requiring users to pay processing fees when discarding tires, currently 300 yen per tire. These policies have significantly improved recycling rates and environmental outcomes. As China moves toward a greener future, developing a structured and efficient tire recycling system will be essential to reduce pollution, conserve resources, and support sustainable economic growth.

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